]

Energy consumption of muscles, organs and tissues of a person depending on gender, age category and body weight

Table of energy consumption of human organs and tissues

Daily energy consumption is made up of three quantities:

• basal metabolism
• increase in metabolism when eating (specifically dynamic action of food)
• increased metabolism as a result of work (physical or mental).

Daily energy expenditure should be fully covered by the energy received from food. If food is supplied in insufficient quantities, then this condition is not met and the substances of the body itself begin to oxidize. As a result, the energy balance is disturbed, a person loses weight, his working capacity and adaptation to adverse environmental influences decrease; there are a number of other phenomena that indicate serious health problems. Therefore, characterizing the body's need for food, it is necessary first of all to establish what its need for energy is. This determines the quantitative side of nutrition.

BX determined at rest - in the morning on an empty stomach, 12-14 hours after a meal, at room temperature, lying down. It characterizes the energy expenditure to maintain vital functions: the activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory, excretory systems, metabolism, maintaining muscle tone.

Its value depends on gender and age, on the size of the body surface in relation to mass, the state of the central nervous system, the activity of the endocrine glands, the nature of nutrition, climatic and geographical conditions, etc.

The basal metabolism in women is 5-8% lower than in men; in children - relatively higher than in adults (when calculated per unit of body weight); in older people - 10-15% lower than in young people.

In relatively young people with well-developed muscles, which is an energetically active tissue (athletes), the basal metabolism is higher than in overweight people with significant body fat.

With an increase in external temperature, the basal metabolism decreases, with a decrease, it increases.

On average, the basal metabolic rate in adults is 1 kcal per 1 kg of body weight per hour (1680 kcal with a weight of 70 kg per day).

Eating (especially proteins) causes an increase in basal metabolism - due to an increase in the activity of the digestive organs and the activity of some sections of the skeletal muscles associated with food intake. On average, the basal metabolic rate after eating increases by 10-12%.

Work (especially related to muscle activity) has a great influence on increasing basal metabolism. Quiet sitting already increases the exchange by 12-15%, standing - by 20%, slow walking - by 80-100%, running - by 400%. Sports exercises increase energy consumption by 10-20 times or more due to increased oxidative processes in working muscles.

Daily energy consumption and, accordingly, the need for calories in an adult fluctuate (depending on the type of activity and age): for men - from 2350 to 3900 kcal, for women - from 2100 to 3350 kcal (taking into account outdoor activities - up to 4200 and 3600 kcal respectively).

According to the theory of balanced nutrition, the normal functioning of the organism is possible if it is supplied with the necessary amount of energy corresponding to its daily energy expenditure, which consists of the basic metabolism, the specific dynamic action of food (SDAP), physical activity, sex and age.

Basal metabolic rate (BRO) characterizes the energy consumption in the body for metabolic processes, maintaining blood flow and respiration at rest.

Under the influence of food intake, energy consumption increases, which is associated with an increase in redox processes necessary for the transformation of nutrients in the body. With a mixed diet, this increase is 10-15% of the basal metabolism.

The nature of the food taken also influences the increase in metabolism, i.e. different nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) have different ability to increase basal metabolism. Most of all, the main metabolism increases when taking proteins - by 30-40%. Fats increase metabolism by 4-14%, carbohydrates - by 4-7%. The increase in metabolism caused by the intake of various food components is called specific dynamic action of food (SDAP).

In accordance with the amount of energy consumption, 5 groups of the able-bodied population are distinguished among men and 4 groups among women; they were included in the current "Norms of Physiological Needs for the Adult Population" (1991).

Previously, the division into groups was based on certain professions, but practice has shown that the connection between energy consumption and the professional affiliation of a person is very conditional. Therefore, in the "Norms" of 1991, the gradation of the population by groups is based on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the organism and is carried out according to BOO, taking into account the coefficient of physical activity (CFA) in accordance with the recommendations of the FAO/WHO Expert Committee (1985).

Physical activity coefficient (CFA)- this is the ratio of daily energy expenditure to the value of the main exchange. If, for example, energy expenditure for all types of life activity is 2 times higher than the BRR for the corresponding group by sex and age, then for this group the CFA will be equal to 2. The higher the energy expenditure, the higher the CFA.

The norms of physiological needs for energy and nutrients are not constant and are periodically updated and revised in connection with changes in working and living conditions of the population, the emergence of new scientific data in the field of food hygiene.

Table 3 Physical activity coefficient (CFA) for different population groups

In table. 3 presents the CFA of various population groups. Knowing the BEO and CFA, it is easy to calculate the daily energy expenditure of a person by multiplying these indicators. Higher needs for energy and nutrients are observed in young men (18-29 years old), pregnant and lactating women, residents of the North (by 10-15%), For the latter, the "Norms" provide for the percentage of calories in proteins, fats and carbohydrates as 15:35:50.

Measurement of fat volume in the body is carried out in the following ways:

1. using a special device that shows the mass of water, muscle and fat in the body. Places of accumulation of fat are determined by the scanning method;
2. by determining the ratio of waist and hips - normally it should be less than 0.85.
3. by using

If body weight is increased by 10-15% due to body fat, they talk about overweight, but not about obesity as a disease. According to the severity, 4 degrees of obesity are distinguished:

IV - 100% or more.

Individual daily energy expenditure can be calculated with varying degrees of accuracy. This indicator can be more accurately determined if we proceed from the average statistical data of the main metabolism for a person of a certain age and with a certain body weight.

Athletes have much higher energy expenditure. Especially they increase in connection with the increase in training loads and advanced training in all sports. The values ​​of energy consumption of athletes in various sports are given in Table. 4.

Table 4 Energy consumption values ​​of athletes in various sports

Since the energy consumption and, accordingly, the calorie intake of an athlete depend on his weight, it is proposed to calculate them per 1 kg of body weight.

• In gymnastics, acrobatics, fencing, rugby, field hockey, volleyball, diving, equestrian sports, track and field sprinting and jumping, shooting sports, and tourism, caloric intake norms are 60-65 kcal / kg;
• in track and field throwing, water polo, boxing, basketball, hockey, football, speed skating, skiing (short distances) - 65-70 kcal / kg;
• in long-distance running, swimming, weightlifting, cross-country skiing (long distances), race walking, all types of rowing, cycling - 70-75 kcal / kg;
• in marathon running - 75-85 kcal / kg;
• in multi-day cycling races - 82-90 kcal / kg.

To determine the caloric content of nutrition, it is necessary to multiply the caloric content for this sport by the weight of the athlete and add 10%. For example, for a sprinter, the calorie content is: 65 x 70 (athlete's weight) = 4550 kcal; 4550 + 455 = 5005 kcal.

The need to add 10% is due to the fact that 10% of food is usually not absorbed in the body.

What are the energy expenditures of children and young athletes?

The daily energy requirement for children and adolescents is: at 7 years old - 2400; at 11-13 years old - 2850; at 14-17 years old (boys) - 3150, at 14-17 years old (girls) - 2750 kcal.

When doing athletics, you need to add energy consumption to these figures: in sprinting, jumping, throwing - at the rate of 290 kcal per 1 hour of training, and when running for medium distances - 450 kcal / h.

Thus, the energy consumption for young runners aged 14-17 can be: 3150 + 900 = 4050 kcal.

Energy consumption for a young athlete can also be calculated by the average calorie requirement of representatives of various sports, expressed per 1 kg of body weight per day. For example, for young men weighing 50 kg, energy consumption will be: 70 x 50 \u003d 3500 kcal + 350 (10%) \u003d 3850 kcal.

With the correspondence (equality) of caloric intake to energy expenditure, body weight remains more or less constant. A significant increase in body weight with excessive deposition of fat and no noticeable muscle growth, or, conversely, a decrease in body weight, not explained by loss of water, indicates overnutrition or undernutrition. It should be borne in mind that at the beginning of a workout, body weight decreases by 1-3 kg as a result of some loss of water, fat deposits and wasted energy due to unnecessary movements. Then, as fitness increases, the mass stabilizes or even slightly increases (due to the development of muscles).

The use of alcohol, tobacco products and some drugs changes the functional state of the digestive organs and can significantly affect the absorption of nutrients. Thus, alcohol provides an additional energy supply (29.7 kJ/g) and, accordingly, significantly changes the energy balance of the athlete's body.

In this regard, when assessing the calorie content of the daily diet, the athlete's default on even small amounts of alcohol taken can lead to a noticeable discrepancy between the calculated and real energy intake.

In chronic alcoholism, the processes of digestion, absorption and assimilation of nutrients are disrupted, resulting in a decrease in the nutritional value of products.

To provide a person with food corresponding to his energy costs and plastic processes, it is necessary to determine the daily energy consumption. For the unit of measurement of human energy costs, an off-system unit of the amount of heat - a calorie (1 cal = 4.1868 J) was adopted.

During the day, a person spends energy on the work of internal organs (heart, digestive apparatus, lungs, liver, kidneys, etc.), heat exchange and the performance of such activities as work, study, housework, walking, rest, etc. The energy expended on the work of internal organs and heat exchange is called main exchange. At an air temperature of 20 ° C, complete rest, on an empty stomach, the main metabolism is 1 kcal and 1 hour per 1 kg of human body weight. Consequently, the basic metabolism depends on body weight, as well as on the sex and age of the person (Table 3.1).

To determine the daily energy consumption of a person introduced physical activity coefficient(CFA) is the ratio of total energy consumption for all types of human activity with the value of basal metabolism.

The coefficient of physical activity is the main physiological criterion for assigning the population to one or another labor group, depending on the intensity of labor, i.e. from energy consumption, developed by the Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 1991.

In total, 5 labor groups are defined for men and 4 for women. Each work group corresponds to a certain coefficient of physical activity (Table 3.2).

For calculation daily energy expenditure the value of the basic metabolism (corresponding to the age and weight of the human body)

Table 3.1

Table of basic metabolism of the adult population depending on the mass

body, age and sex*

Men (basic metabolism), kcal	Women (basic metabolism), kcal
Body weight, kg	18...29 years old	30...39 years old	40...59 years old	60...74 years old	Body weight, kg	18...29 years old	30...39 years old	40...59 years old	60...74 years old
				1 180
			1 350			1 150	1 120
		1 500		1 300			1 190	1 160	1 100
				1 360		1 300	1 260	1 220	1 160
						1 380	1 340
		1 720
			1 700	1 570		1 530
			1 780					1 510
									1 500

* Data developed by the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences and approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor on 05/08/1991 No. 5786 - 91.

century) multiplied by the physical activity coefficient (CFA) of a certain population group.

Group I - predominantly mental workers,
very light physical activity, CFA - 1.4: scientific papers
nicknames, students of humanitarian specialties, computer operators,
inspectors, teachers, dispatchers, employees of control panels
nurses, health workers, accountants, secretaries, etc. Daily
energy consumption V depending on gender and age is
1800...2450 kcal.

Group II - workers engaged in light work, easy physical
physical activity, CFA - 1.6: transport drivers, workers
conveyors, weighers, packers, sewers, workers

Table 3.2 Correspondence of the coefficient of physical activity to labor groups

Men	Women
Labor group	CFA	Labor group	CFA
I	1,4	I	1,4
II	1,6	II	1,6
III	1,9	III	1,9
IV	2,2	IV	2,2
V	2,5	V	-

electronic industries, agronomists, nurses, nurses, workers communications, services, sellers of industrial govarov and others. Daily energy consumption depending on sex and age is 2 100 ... 2 800 kcal.

III group - workers of medium severity of labor, average physical
physical activity, CFA - 1.9: locksmiths, adjusters, adjusters
ki, machine operators, drillers, drivers of excavators, bulldozers,
coal harvesters, buses, surgeons, textile workers,
shoemakers, railway workers, food sellers, water workers,
apparatchiks, blast-furnace metallurgists, workers of chemical plants,
catering workers, etc. Daily energy consumption
gii, depending on gender and age, is 2,500 ... 3,300 kcal.

Group IV - workers of heavy physical labor, high
physical activity, CFA - 2.2: construction workers, according to
drilling assistants, sinkers, cotton growers, agricultural workers
and machine operators, milkmaids, vegetable growers, woodworkers, metal
lurgs, foundry workers, etc. Daily energy consumption depending on
from gender and age is 2,850 ... 3,850 kcal.

Group V - workers of especially hard physical labor, very
high physical activity, CFA - 2.5: machine operators and village
household workers during the sowing and harvesting periods, miners, val
lumberjacks, concrete workers, masons, diggers, loaders
labor, reindeer herders, etc. Daily consumption of energy
GII, depending on gender and age, is 3,750 ... 4,200 kcal.

Control questions

1. What is metabolism?

2. What factors influence metabolism?

3. What is the role of labor and physical education in the process of metabolism?

4. How does metabolism proceed in people of different ages?

5. What determines the daily energy consumption of a person?

6. What is basal exchange?

7. What labor group does a cook belong to? What is her expense
energy?

To provide a person with food corresponding to his energy costs and plastic processes, it is necessary to determine the daily energy consumption. The unit of measurement for human energy is the kilocalorie.

During the day, a person spends energy on the work of internal organs (heart, digestive apparatus, lungs, liver, kidneys, etc.), heat exchange and the performance of socially useful activities (work, study, housework, walking, rest). The energy expended on the work of internal organs and heat transfer is called the main exchange. At an air temperature of 20 ° C, complete rest, on an empty stomach, the main metabolism is 1 kcal per 1 hour per 1 kg of human body weight. Therefore, the basal metabolism depends on body weight, as well as on the sex and age of the person.

Table of basic metabolism of the adult population depending on body weight, age and sex

Men (basic metabolism), kcal					Women (basic metabolism), kcal
Body weight, kg					Body weight, kg
	1450 1520 1590 1670 1750 1830 1920 2010 2110	1370 1430 1500 1570 1650 1720 1810 1900 1990	1280 1350 1410 1480 1550 1620 1700 1780 1870	1180 1240 1300 1360 1430 1500 1570 1640 1720		1080 1150 1230 1300 1380 1450 1530 1600 1680	1050 1120 1190 1260 1340 1410 1490 1550 1630	1020 1080 1160 1220 1300 1370 1440 1510 1580	960 1030 1100 1160 1230 1290 1360 1430 1500

To determine the daily energy consumption of a person, the coefficient of physical activity (CFA) was introduced - this is the ratio of total energy consumption for all types of human life with the value of basal metabolism.

The coefficient of physical activity is the main physiological criterion for attributing the population to one or another labor group, depending on the intensity of labor, i.e. from energy costs, developed by the Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 1991.

CFA Physical Activity Index

Labor group		Labor group

In total, 5 labor groups are defined for men and 4 for women. Each work group corresponds to a certain coefficient of physical activity To calculate the daily energy consumption, it is necessary to multiply the basal metabolic rate (corresponding to the age and body weight of a person) by the coefficient of physical activity (CFA) of a certain population group.

Group I - predominantly mental workers, very light physical activity, CFA-1.4: scientists, students of humanitarian specialties, computer operators, controllers, teachers, dispatchers, control panel workers, medical workers, accounting workers, secretaries and etc. Daily energy consumption, depending on gender and age, is 1800-2450 kcal.

Group II - workers engaged in light work, light physical activity, CFA-1.6: transport drivers, conveyor workers, weighers, packers, garment workers, workers in the radio electronics industry, agronomists, nurses, nurses, workers communications, services, sellers of manufactured goods, etc. Daily energy consumption, depending on gender and age, is 2100-2800 kcal.

Group III - workers of moderate labor intensity, average physical activity, CFA-1.9: locksmiths, adjusters, adjusters, machine operators, drillers, drivers of excavators, bulldozers, coal combines, buses, surgeons, textile workers, shoemakers, railroad workers, food sellers, water workers, apparatchiks, blast-furnace metallurgists, chemical plant workers, public catering workers, etc. Daily energy consumption, depending on gender and age, is 2500-3300 kcal.

Group IV - workers of heavy physical labor, high physical activity, CFA-2.2: construction workers, assistant drillers, sinkers, cotton growers, agricultural workers and machine operators, milkmaids, vegetable growers, woodworkers, metallurgists, foundry workers, etc. Daily energy consumption, depending on gender and age, is 2850-3850 kcal.

Group V - workers of especially hard physical labor, very high physical activity, CFA-2.4: machine operators and agricultural workers during the sowing and harvesting periods, miners, fellers, concrete workers, masons, diggers, loaders of non-mechanized labor, reindeer herders and etc. Daily energy consumption depending on sex and age is 3750-4200 kcal.

In old age, energy consumption decreases and by the age of 80 is 8373-9211 kJ (2000-2200 kcal).

With mental labor, energy consumption is much lower than with physical labor. Difficult mathematical calculations, work with a book and other forms of mental work, if they are not accompanied by movement, cause a negligible (2-3%) increase in energy expenditure compared to complete rest. However, in most cases, various types of mental labor are accompanied by muscular activity, especially when the worker is emotionally aroused (lecturer, artist, writer, speaker, etc.), and therefore energy consumption can be relatively large. Experienced emotional arousal can cause an increase in metabolism by 11-19% over the next few days.

Specific dynamic action of food

After a meal, the metabolic rate and energy consumption of the body increase compared to their level of basal metabolism. An hour after a meal, an increase in metabolism and energy begins, reaches a maximum after 3 hours and persists for several hours. The reinforcing effect of food on metabolism and energy costs is called the specific dynamic effect of food.

Protein food has the greatest impact and metabolism increases by an average of 30-40%. Fats and carbohydrates increase metabolism in humans by 14-15%.

Regulation of energy exchange

The intensity of energy metabolism significantly depends on physical activity, emotional stress, the nature of nutrition, ambient temperature and a number of other factors.

There are numerous facts indicating the conditioned reflex nature of changes in O 2 consumption and energy exchange. An athlete in the pre-start state has a sharp increase in O 2 consumption, and, consequently, energy exchange, similar changes are observed under the influence of working environment factors in workers whose activities are associated with muscle efforts (although they have not yet started work). In an animal experiment, a previously indifferent stimulus associated in time with muscle activity can serve as a signal for an increase in metabolism and energy.

All this testifies to the conditioned reflex nature of changes in the level of energy metabolism in the body. The role in the regulation of energy metabolism of the hypothalamic region of the brain is great. Regulatory influences are formed here, and their implementation occurs by autonomic nerves or by humoral means due to an increase in the secretion of a number of endocrine glands.

A pronounced increase in energy expenditure and an increase in metabolism are caused by thyroid hormones - thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and the adrenal medulla hormone adrenaline.

To cover the plastic and energy needs of the body, the formation of physiologically active substances requires a regular intake of food, its digestion, absorption and assimilation. Nutrients are found in food products of animal and vegetable origin. The nutritional, biological and energy value of food products is determined by the content of nutrients in them: (proteins, fats, carbohydrates), vitamins, mineral salts, water, organic acids, flavoring and a number of other substances. Nutrition can be natural and artificial (clinical parenteral and tube enteral). There are also therapeutic and therapeutic-prophylactic nutrition.

Nutritional substances include proteins, fats and carbohydrates, during their hydrolysis a certain amount of heat is released (on average for fats - 9.3 kcal / g, or 37 kJ / g, proteins and carbohydrates 4.1 kcal / g, or 17 kJ /G). According to the isodynamic rule, they can be mutually replaced in meeting the energy needs of the body, however, each of the nutrients and their fragments has specific plastic properties and properties of biologically active substances. Replacing some substances in the diet with others may not be very long, because. prolonged monotonous nutrition leads to a violation of the body's functions, and with prolonged, for example, protein-free nutrition, death occurs from protein starvation. Nutrients in their composition may contain irreplaceable components, which determines their biological value.

The biological value of animal proteins is higher than that of vegetable proteins (for example, wheat proteins have 52-65%). The digestibility of animal proteins is on average 97%, and vegetable proteins - 83-85%, which also depends on the culinary processing of food.

With the biological value of mixed food proteins of at least 70%, people should have a protein minimum (55-60 g per day), and in order to have a stable nitrogen balance, it is recommended to take 85-90 g of protein per day with food (at least 1 g of protein per 1 kg of body weight). In pregnant and breastfeeding women, children, these rates are higher.

Lipids enter the human body as part of all types of animal and plant foods (fats of animal and vegetable origin). The biological value of lipids depends on the presence of essential fatty acids in them, the ability of digestion and absorption in the digestive tract (assimilation). Butter and pork fat are digested by 93-98%, beef - 80-94%, sunflower oil - by 86-90%, margarine - 94-98%.

Carbohydrates enter the body mainly in the form of plant food polysaccharides, they are used to meet energy needs. On average, a person takes 400-500 g of carbohydrates per day, of which 350-400 g is starch, 50-.100 g of mono- and disaccharides. Excess carbohydrates are stored as fat.

Vitamins should be an indispensable component of food. The norms of their consumption depend on age, gender, type of labor activity, and a number of other factors. The daily water requirement for an adult is 21-43 ml / kg, the minimum daily requirement for a person weighing 70 kg is about 1700 ml, of which about 630 ml he receives in the form of water and drinks, 750 ml - with food and 320 ml is formed during metabolic (oxidative) processes. Insufficient water intake causes dehydration of the body, which has a different degree of severity depending on the level of dehydration. Death occurs with the loss of 1/3-1/4 of the total amount of water in the body, which accounts for about 60% of body weight. Excessive water intake causes overhydration, which can lead to water intoxication. The great physiological significance of macro- and microelements determined the mandatory norms for their consumption for different groups of the population.

The theory of balanced nutrition is now accepted. Balanced nutrition implies the optimal correspondence of the amount of all food components to the physiological needs of the body (A.A. Pokrovsky).

In our country, it is customary to distinguish five groups of labor intensity for men and four for women (see table above).

With a regular excess of the daily energy value (caloric content) of food over energy costs, the amount of fat deposited in the body increases (100 g of a bun - 300 kcal). Daily consumption of such a bun in excess of the norm leads to the accumulation of 15-30 g of fat in the human body, which during the year can lead to the deposition of 5.4-10.8 kg of fat in the depot.

The diet should be balanced in terms of protein, fat and carbohydrate content. The average ratio of their mass is 1:1.2:4, energy value - 15:30:55%, which satisfies the energy and plastic needs of the body, compensates for the spent proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The imbalance of nutrients is accompanied by metabolic disorders. So, with prolonged protein deficiency, not only body weight decreases, but also the physical and mental performance of a person decreases. Excess nutrition, an increase in the diet of fats, especially animals, cause obesity (exceeding the proper body weight by 15% or more). With it, almost all physiological systems of the body are affected, but more often and earlier, cardiovascular (atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, etc.), digestive, endocrine (including sexual), water-salt metabolism is disturbed. Excess intake of dietary sugar predisposes to the development of diabetes mellitus, dysbacteriosis, dental caries, etc. The diet should be balanced with essential and non-essential amino acids, fats with different saturations of fatty acids, carbohydrates, ballast substances in the form of dietary fiber (cellulose, pectin, etc.), products of animal and vegetable origin, vitamins and minerals that correlate (balance) with the consumption and needs of the body depending on age, gender, type of work, season and a number of other factors affecting metabolism.

In rational nutrition, regular meals are important at the same time of day, the fragmentation of food intake, its distribution between breakfast, lunch, and dinner. With 3 meals a day, the first two meals make up 2/3 of the daily energy value of food and dinner - 1/3. Often the daily diet for energy value is distributed as follows: breakfast - 25-30%, lunch - 45-50%, dinner - 20-25%. The time between breakfast and lunch, lunch and dinner should be 5-6 hours, between dinner and going to bed - 3-4 hours. These periods provide for the height of activity of digestive functions, digestion and absorption of the main amount of food taken. More rational 5 meals a day. With 5 meals a day, the first breakfast accounts for about 25% of the calories of the daily diet, for the second breakfast - 5-10% (light snack - fruits, tea), for lunch - about 35%, for afternoon tea - 25%, for dinner - 10%. The actual distribution of the daily ration has significant differences due to climatic conditions, work, traditions, habits and a number of other factors.

A.M. Ugolev proposed the theory of adequate nutrition, which adopted the postulate of the theory of balanced nutrition on the correspondence between energy consumption and its intake in the body as part of nutrients. According to this theory, nutrition replenishes the molecular composition, energy and plastic expenditures of the body, so it is important that the set and properties of nutrients correspond to the enzymatic and isoenzyme spectrum of the digestive system. Such adequacy (correspondence) should be in cavity and membrane digestion, nutrients absorbed from the intestine should also be adequate mechanisms of resorption.

The theory emphasizes the three-stage digestion and the need for individual and species adequacy of nutrition for all three of its stages.

An example of their inconsistency are various fermentopathies, such as lactase deficiency. In this case, milk in the diet is an inadequate type of food. Particular attention in the theory is paid to the multi-purpose purpose of ballast substances in the composition of food.

The author of the theory of adequate nutrition considers an organism that assimilates nutrients as a “superorganism” that, as a host organism, has its own endoecology formed by the intestinal microflora. The primary nutrient flux of food is formed as a result of its digestion and absorption. In addition, there is a stream of secondary nutrients produced by the activity of intestinal micro-organisms. This activity is determined by endogenous and exogenous (the composition and properties of the food taken, its absorption in the digestive tract) factors.

Depending on them, something “gets” or “does not get” to microorganisms and causes a change in their quantity, composition, properties, flow into the blood and lymph of secondary nutrients, including irreplaceable, biologically active substances and toxins.

From the components of food, as a result of their hydrolysis and transformations with the participation of microorganisms, substances are formed that regulate the activity of the physiological systems of the body. Due to this, food has not only the properties of nutrients with their energy and plastic value, but also the ability to change many physiological processes (including behavior, protective, including immune, mechanisms) in a fairly wide range.

Consideration of the theory of adequate nutrition as an integral part of the doctrine of the process of assimilation of food by all living systems, finding common mechanisms for the implementation of nutrition in them led A.M. Ugolev to the need to combine these issues in one science, which he called trophology.

The subject of trophology is "the general patterns of assimilation of vital substances at all levels of organization of living systems - from the cell, organ and organism to the corresponding relationships in the population, biocenoses and biosphere" (A.M. Ugolev).

Nutritional norms

Currently, our country has adopted the "Norms of Physiological Requirements for Nutrients and Energy for Various Population Groups". This is an official regulatory document for planning the production and consumption of food products, assessing food reserves, developing social protection measures that ensure health, and calculating the rations of organized groups. These standards are widely used in medical practice.

It is envisaged that the energy value of the daily ration should correspond to and compensate for the daily energy costs of certain groups of the population. 5 groups of men and 4 groups of women were identified. In each group of the adult population, there are 3 age subgroups from 18 to 59 years old. Additionally, two subgroups of elderly and senile people (60-74, 75 years and more) were introduced.

Given that each food product has a certain energy value, and using these tables, you can calculate the energy value of the diet and all its components.

Each of the population groups identified by physical activity, sex and age, taking into account the average value of nutrient absorption, has the norms for the amount of proteins (including animal proteins - 55%), fats (30% of the total energy value of the diet and 4-6% allocated to irreplaceable linoleic acid), carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins.

The "Norms" take into account pregnant and lactating mothers for two periods of lactation (1-6 and 7-12 months), which have increased energy costs and, accordingly, the need for nutrients, taking into account their consumption by the fetus, and then by the child who is breastfed milk.

It should not be assumed that the more physical work a person does, the better, and therefore, there is nothing to really count calories here, to set some boundaries for energy consumption. Doctors' observations show that too much muscle activity (hard physical labor, regular exhausting workouts) causes exhaustion of the nervous system, the development of adverse, and then pathological changes in the human body. In any case, it is absolutely precisely determined that with a daily energy expenditure of 10,000 kcal, the human body receives less from 200 to 400 kcal per day with food (he is simply not able to absorb the amount of food necessary to make up for such huge costs, no matter how much he gets) and loses 0.3-0.7 kg of weight during this day. (It should be clarified that we are talking about a daily load. The energy expenditure of athletes sometimes reaches 12,000 kcal, but after that either rest or training with a small load follows.) However, even half the energy consumption (5000-6000 kcal per day) on over a number of years adversely affects the body - from heavy physical work, a person ages prematurely.

The well-known labor physiologist Leman studied the energy consumption of people working in various industries for many years and came to the conclusion that the daily energy consumption should not exceed 4800 kcal (or about 3000 kcal for muscle work). And the optimal costs for a healthy person with average physical development are even less: 2700-3800 kcal (of which 1200-2000 kcal for muscle work).

Interesting calculations were carried out by a group of Czechoslovak scientists studying the problems of labor physiology. They set out to determine how many consecutive years a person can work without damage to health with a particular energy expenditure per working day. And above all, they were interested in the level of energy expenditure that allows you to maintain good health for at least 25 years of working life. According to calculations, for 25 years (i.e. 1200 working weeks) it is possible to perform physical work with an energy expenditure equal to 1500 kcal (in excess of the basic metabolism). If the daily expenditure on physical work is in the range of 2750-3000 kcal (in excess of the basic metabolism), then a person can continue such work for only 200 weeks of his 25-year working life; with a daily energy consumption of 4500 kcal (in excess of the basic metabolism) - 60 weeks.

Summing up the opinions of various researchers, scientists believe that the optimal daily energy consumption of a person is in the range of 2700-3800 kcal (with basal metabolism). If we exclude from here the basic metabolism “guaranteed” for each of us, it turns out that we should spend an average of 1200-2000 kcal per day on muscular work (energy consumption is below this level and is typical for a state of physical inactivity).
I came across useful information about Myloff on the Internet. If you want to