We say that people can be black or white, but these two colors by no means exhaust all the richness of the color shades of human skin. The color of a person's skin mainly depends on where, in what place on the planet, his ancestors lived.
Scientists have experimentally confirmed theories about how people got different shades of skin color (but so far these are only theories). Skin color depends on a substance called melanin. The more melanin in our skin, the darker it is.
When a white person spends a lot of time in the sun, a lot of melanin is formed in his skin, in other words, he tans. Albinos, who lack melanin in their bodies, have pinkish skin and reddish eyes. This color is due to the translucence of blood vessels through the skin and colorless tissues of the eye. Albinos have completely white hair. The deposition of melanin in the skin is its protective reaction to the ultraviolet radiation of the sun, which can cause skin cancer. As a light shield, melanin absorbs ultraviolet rays and helps protect the skin from damage. The more melanin in the skin, the darker it is and the better it is protected from ultraviolet radiation. Knowing the importance of the presence of melanin in the skin, scientists developed the idea of how differences in the amount of melanin deposited in the skin of different human races appeared and how these differences developed over millions of years.
A large amount of melanin in the skin protects it from ultraviolet radiation. Our distant ancestors were covered with a thin layer of wool that protected their skin from the intense ultraviolet radiation of the hot African sun. Hundreds of thousands of years have passed. As mankind developed, people began to give birth to cubs devoid of hair on their bodies. Why? Nobody knows this. But gradually, the light spotty skin of our ancestors turned out to be completely unprotected from the scorching rays of the sun.
Since darker skin provides better protection from the sun, individuals that were born darker than their brethren gained a survival advantage. Because the dark color skin was inherited and had the advantages of natural selection, then over time the skin color of Africans became dark. Humans have spread all over the earth. Those who got to the cold north found there by no means an African climate. In Europe, for example, sunlight is much weaker, especially in winter. Such a climate also has its drawbacks. Too much UV is bad, but too little is worse. Ultraviolet rays are vital for us: under the influence of this radiation, vitamin D is produced in the skin, without which the body cannot form strong, durable bones. The very first humans may have had light, mottled skin similar to that of a chimpanzee under its fur. The dimmer light of the European sun contains far fewer ultraviolet rays than sunlight in Africa. The first problems arose, probably with dark-skinned aliens, whose skin blocked what little ultraviolet radiation remained in the rays of the northern sun. Some children developed rickets, in which the bones became soft and fragile, they easily twisted and broke. Therefore, in Europe, children born with more light shade skin, gained an advantage in terms of survival. And again, over time, white-skinned people became more numerous than dark-skinned people. In the weak winter light, pale skin remains permeable to ultraviolet rays, the child gets enough of them, vitamin D is formed in his skin, and he does not get rickets. But in bright light in summer, pale skin is covered with a tan and transmits ultraviolet rays to a lesser extent. As people explored the spaces of our planet, skin color adapted to the climatic conditions in which people found themselves. The fairest skin in people who live under the pale skies of Scandinavia. In sunnier climates, skin color can range from golden to light brown. The darkest skin of the inhabitants of Africa and Australian aborigines. Recently, as people have become more free to move around the world and intermarry, a clear division into races has been broken, and now people with different skin colors live in any climate.
The most well-known trait associated with climate adaptation is skin color. Where ultraviolet light is most intense is where people's skin is darkest. In the northern latitudes, people have the lightest skin, if this were not the case, children would have rickets, since dark skin protects from ultraviolet radiation, under the action of which vitamin D is produced. Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium.
The intensity of skin pigmentation is associated with the accumulation of melanin pigment, which is controlled by the melanocortin receptor protein. The gene encoding this protein has been studied in different peoples, and it has been shown that the accumulation of mutations leading to a decrease in pigmentation occurred in Asians and Europeans. An interesting fact is that although the peoples of Africa have the highest genetic diversity, there are no mutations for this gene, since light skin is non-adaptive there. The figure shows the latitudinal distribution of skin pigmentation.
The intensity of skin pigmentation correlates negatively with latitude, although there are some exceptions. For example, Eskimos have slightly darker skin than other populations living at the same latitude. It is assumed that this is due to the fact that they came from more southern regions in the recent past and did not have time to adapt, or because they eat a lot of the liver of marine animals, where there is a lot of vitamin D.
Height and body shape are also adaptations to climatic conditions. It's best to be in the north short stature, with shorter limbs, as there will be the least heat loss through the skin, in the south - on the contrary, thin and tall, in order to lose heat more.
People are different: black, white, and also brown: from light to dark. Skin color varies from continent to continent. Where did this diversity come from? What does a person depend on? What is melanin? Let's figure it out.
Melanin. What is this?
In medical terms, melanin is synthesized in skin cells called melanocytes. Interestingly, it is present in the bulk of animals, including humans. It is the pigment melanin that gives the skin a variety of shades. It is synthesized in two leading forms that range in color from yellow to dark brown to black. Eumelanin is the form of melanin that gives skin its brown color. The second form of melanin is pheomelanin, which has a reddish-brown hue. Thanks to pheomelanin, people have freckles or fiery red hair.
Today almost everyone knows about genetics. Each of us has inherited a set of chromosomes from our parents, including those responsible for human skin color. The more active genes in the cells, the darker the skin color. Not so long ago it was possible to observe a unique case in one family where twins with different skin colors were born. But in addition to the genetic predisposition, external factors also influence the production of melanin.
The impact of melanin on humans
Any person on our planet has an approximately equal number of melanocytes. This fact proves that all people on the planet, whether white men or black girls, have the same skin. The question arises in the synthesis of melanin by a separate organism and some external factors. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, human skin begins to produce more melanin. This helps prevent DNA damage in human skin.
Until now, this process has not been fully explored, but thanks to the protective reaction of the body, our skin remains intact. And in people living in the equatorial region, where the sun's rays scorch ruthlessly, the skin has acquired its characteristic swarthy color.
Crash in the program
But unfortunately, there are exceptions to the rules. Today you can observe a rare disease - albinism. It is characterized by the absence of melanin in the skin cells. This process is observed in both animals and humans. We are happy to watch snow-white animals, for example, you can see or magnificent, but if this happens to a person, this is really a tragedy. A person cannot stay in the open sun for a long time, his skin burns instantly. The body suffers from strong radiation.
There is another failure in the genetic program caused by the progressive loss of melanocytes - vitiligo. In this case, the skin becomes patchy. Whatever color of a person's skin prevails, with this disease it becomes completely white in places. And as a result, a dark-skinned person by nature can become completely white. Unfortunately, today genetic failures are incurable.
Light-skinned inhabitants of the planet
An interesting fact is that representatives of the white population make up 40% of all mankind. As we have already said, the genetically light color of human skin is due to the activity of melanin in the cells. If we take into account that the people who settled on the planet had facial features and dermis color characteristic of a certain group, then over time the isolation of the group led to the formation of a light-skinned race. The bulk of these people live in Europe, Asia and North Africa.
Human skin color, as already mentioned, also depends on external factors. For example, people in Northern Europe have lighter skin than Asians. are less active in the north, and therefore it is easier for white people to get the vitamin D they need. Although it should be noted that there are northern peoples who have enough. According to scientists, this also depends on food.
Interestingly, in people with fair skin, melanin in the upper layers of the epidermis is present in single copies. Eye color also depends on which layer of the iris contains a large amount of melanin. If this is the first layer, then the eyes will be brown, and if the fourth or fifth layers, then, respectively, blue or green.
black people
The main population with dark skin color lives in Central and South Africa. People in this climate zone are exposed to intense solar exposure. And exposure to ultraviolet radiation causes the synthesis of melanin in the human body, which has a protective function. Dark skin is the result of constant exposure to the sun.
A distinctive feature at the gene level in people with black skin is that their cells produce melanin in large quantities. In addition, as scientists have found out, the top layer of the epidermis in such people completely covers the skin with pigment. This fact gives the skin a color that ranges from brown to almost black.
An interesting fact is that the pigment melanin appears in humans even in embryonic development. But by the time of birth, melanocytes practically disappear from the baby's body, and after birth they begin to develop intensively in the skin. Many people are surprised when they see light-colored babies from a dark-skinned mother. The fact is that children are born light and darken over the next few months.
In conclusion
At present, science is based on the fact that human skin color is the result of the adaptation of a certain group of people to the intensity of solar radiation in their habitat. Melanin in this case performs protective functions from the ultraviolet radiation of the sun, in the absence of it, the skin would become decrepit very quickly. In addition to aging, the possibility of skin cancer increases.
Interestingly, women have lighter skin than men. This is why black girls look much lighter than guys. In people with a light dermis, this difference is practically not noticeable. Unfortunately, in today's world, skin color often gives rise to stereotypes. The division of mankind on this basis often leads to But after all, we all belong to the same species and are people.
On Midgard-Earth, people with different skin colors and a certain territory of residence live. This Earthly humanity has ancestors who arrived on Midgard-Earth from various Heavenly Halls - Star Systems, namely: the Great Race - white skin color;
Great Dragon - yellow skin;
Fire Serpent - red skin color;
Gloomy Wasteland - black skin color;
Pekelny Mir - gray skin color, aliens.
The allies of the White Race in the battle with the Forces of Darkness were the People from the Hall of the Great Dragon. They were allowed to settle on Earth, having determined a place in the South-East, at the rising of the Yarilo-Sun. Modern China.
Another ally, the people from the Hall of the Fire Serpent, was assigned a place on the lands in the Atlantic Ocean. Subsequently, with the advent of the Clans of the Great Race, this Earth began to be called Antlan, i.e. The land of Ants, the ancient Greeks called it Atlantis.
After the death of Antlani, righteous people with the skin color of the Sacred Fire, the Heavenly Force (Waitmara) transferred them to the east to the boundless Earth at the sunset of the Yarila-Sun lying ... (American continent).
In ancient times, the possessions of the Country of Black People covered not only the African continent, but also part of Hindustan. The Indian tribes of the Dravidians and Nagas belonged to the Negroid peoples and worshiped the Goddess Kali-Ma - the Goddess of the Black Mother.
Our Ancestors gave them the Vedas - Sacred Texts, now known as the Indian Vedas (Hinduism).
Having learned about the eternal Heavenly Laws, such as the Law of Karma, Incarnation and Reincarnation, and others, they abandoned obscene deeds, from bloody human sacrifices to the Goddess Kali-Ma and the Black Dragons.
The enemy of the Great Race and other Races on Midgard-Earth are representatives of the Pekelny World, who secretly penetrated to Midgard-Earth, so the territory of residence is not defined.
God Perun calls them Aliens (Jews). They have gray skin, they have eyes of the color of Darkness, and they are bisexual (initially), they could be a wife or husband (hermaphrodites, in which, depending on the phases of the moon, their sexual orientation changed).
They paint their faces with colors to resemble the Children of Men… They never take off their robes in public.
They create all kinds of false religious cults and specifically try to destroy or denigrate the Cult of God Perun, for he warned:
“They will covet everything that is alien, that does not belong to them ... All their thoughts are only about power. The goal of the Aliens is to break the harmony reigning in the World of Light and destroy the Descendants of the Heavenly Clan and the Great Race, for only they can give a worthy rebuff to the Forces of Hell...
Using lies and very flattering words, they gain confidence in the inhabitants, as soon as they gain trust among the inhabitants, they begin to comprehend their Ancient Legacy. Having learned everything that is possible in the Ancient Legacy, they begin to interpret it in their favor.
They declare themselves messengers of God, but they bring only strife and wars to the world. Using cunning and vicious deeds, they turn the young away from Wisdom, accustom them to live in idleness, to non-observance of their father's traditions. They do not know about the Honor and Truth of Heaven, for there is no Conscience in their hearts...
With lies and unrighteous flattery they will capture many parts of Midgard-Earth, but they will be defeated and exiled to the country of the Man-Made Mountains (Egypt), where people with skin of the color of Darkness and Descendants of the Heavenly Clan will live. And people will begin to teach them to work, so that they themselves can feed their children ...
But the lack of desire to work will unite the Aliens and they will leave the country of the Man-Made Mountains and settle in all the edges of Midgard-Earth...
Millions of lives will be taken away by senseless wars for the sake of the desires of Aliens, because the more wars and deaths there are, the more wealth will be gained by the messengers of the World of Darkness.
The Dark Forces, in order to achieve their goals, will even use Fire Mushrooms, bringing death, which will rise above Midgard-Earth.”
What is skin?
When we think about the human body, we tend to refer to the heart, liver, or brain as "organs." They have certain functions, and they perform them. Did you know that the skin is also an organ of the body?
While other organs take up relatively little space, the skin spreads over the entire body in the thinnest shell of 20,000 square meters. see. The number of complex structures present in every centimeter, from the sweat glands to the nerves, is truly fantastic.
The skin is made up of two layers of tissue. One of them is a thicker and deeper layer, the so-called "corium", and on it is a thin tissue - the "epidermis". They connect together in an amazing way. The lower layer has outgrowths in the form of "papillae" that penetrate the upper layer, thus linking them into a single whole.
Since these "papillae" are located in the folds, each area of \u200b\u200bthe skin creates its own pattern. Our fingerprints are actually formed by these folds.
The top layer of the skin, the epidermis, does not contain blood vessels. It consists of cells that have already died and "keratinized". We can say that the human body is covered with a horny "shell". This is very beneficial as the stratum corneum helps to protect us. It is insensitive, so it protects us from pain. Water does not affect him, and he is even a good insulator.
However, the lowest layers of the epidermis are very sensitive. Their job is to create new cells that are produced from the mother cells and, as it were, are pushed up by them. Over time, they stop receiving food and die off, turning into a stratum corneum.
Every day, billions of upper keratinized cells fall off in the course of our life. But, fortunately, the same number of new cells are produced daily. Therefore, our skin always remains young.
The skin has 30 layers of keratinized cells. As soon as the top layer of skin is washed off or erased, a new one is ready under it. We will never be able to use all these layers, as there is always a new one coming up from below. Thus, we have the ability to clean the skin from stains and dirt and keep it clean.
People with the whitest skin can be seen in northern Europe, they are classified as the Nordic type. The people with the blackest skin live in West Africa. The skin of the inhabitants of Southeast Asia is yellowish in color. However, most people are not white, black or yellow, but represent hundreds of shades of light, swarthy or brown.
What is the reason for all these differences in people's skin color? The explanation is in the chemical processes that take place in the body and skin. Skin tissues have color components called "chromogens" that are themselves colorless. When certain enzymes act on them, the corresponding skin color appears.
Imagine that a person does not have chromogens or his enzymes do not work properly on them. Such a person is called an "albino". It happens to people all over the world. There are albinos in Africa, and they are "whiter" than any white person!
Human skin itself, without any substance, is milky white. But to this is added a shade of yellow due to the presence of yellow pigment in the skin. The other color component of the skin is black, associated with the presence of tiny granules of melanin. This substance is brown in color, but in large quantities it appears black. Another shade is brought into the skin by the red color of the blood circulating through its tiny vessels. The color of the skin of each person depends on the ratio in which these four colors - white, yellow, black and red - are combined. All skin colors of the human race can be produced by various combinations of these color components that we all have.
Sunlight has the ability to form melanin, a black pigment, in the skin. Therefore, people living in the tropics have more of this pigment and darker skin. If you spend a few days in the sun, the sun's UV rays also produce more melanin in your skin, resulting in a suntan!
