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Meaning of the word yahont
yahont in the crossword dictionary
yacht
Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Vladimir Dal
yacht
m. lal, ruby. Yakhont is worm-like, red, actually a ruby. Yakhont blue, blue, sapphire. The following are not yachts at all: cherry yacht, amethyst; yellow yahonta, hyacinth. Yakhont necklace.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
yacht
yahonta, m. (Greek hyakinthos). The ancient name for ruby and sapphire. And the brushes (grapes) are juicy, like yachts are burning. Krylov. They sigh about love only furtively, and their eyes, like yachts, burn. Yesenin.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.
yacht
Ah, m. The old name for ruby, sapphire, and some other precious stones. Eyes, like yachts, burn. 1 app. yahonty, th, th. YACHT... and YACHT-... The first part of compound words with zshn. pertaining to yachting, sailing, e.g. yacht-kyub, yacht club-vets.
New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
yacht
m. The ancient name of ruby, sapphire and some other precious stones.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
yacht
the old Russian name for some precious stones, more often ruby, less often sapphire, etc.
Yakhont (disambiguation)
Yakhont Can mean:
- Yakhont is an outdated name for a precious mineral.
- Yakhont - export version of the Onyx universal medium-range anti-ship missile
- Yakhont is the basic minesweeper of project 1265.
- Yakhont, Oleg Vasilievich (b. 1941) - art historian, candidate of art history (1992), highly qualified artist-restorer, author of a number of books and numerous articles on the history, theory and practice of restoration, attribution, art history; Professor of the Center for Restoration and Expertise of the Russian State Humanitarian University, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Arts; Honored Art Worker of the Russian Federation.
- Yakhont is a musical group from Krasnoyarsk founded in 1992.
Examples of the use of the word yahont in the literature.
And he remembered and remembered to the grave of his days a conversation with her in the treasury of Velyaminovskaya, when the young wife of Lala and yachts, emeralds and balas, chains, goblets, bowls and dishes, gold-silver splendor, precious fabrics, flyers and fencing, bundles of expensive sable, carved, fish tooth, staves and caskets.
And on the handle of that princely Nastasya spoon there was a filigree pattern and stones yachts admired in a frame of twisted silver, decorating a spoon shank with pearl forging on it.
Give me that harness with turquoise, With pearl bows, and to it yachts sazhen!
The knight rode, glancing at Khozyberday, counting the bags on his and his saddle, feeling the stones sewn into the cuffs, yachts, Persian turquoise, large pearls.
Otrepiev cooked oatmeal over a fire in a pot, and the knight Koss, silent about parchment, about yachts in undercoats and about gold in purses, told in detail how he went on the decree of the great sovereign Fyodor Borisovich against a thief, how the Tatar Hozyayberdey robbed him near the river and how much he suffered, Koss from Dalen, during these days, fighting for the truth and even the strait blood.
At the royal doors on the iconostasis, in golden robes, adorned with pearls and yachts, the Most Holy Theotokos of Kvatahevskaya rested, surrounded by a magnificent retinue in silver salaries.
Swaying from the wine he had drunk, he himself stood on crooked legs, running his palms, scooped handfuls of scat pearls, poured lala and yachts, admiring their luminous colors.
Mr. Gysin with a bow handed Dattam the papers and once again looked at the stranger: he behaved very haughtily and was dressed much better than Gysin himself, and the sword on his belt, with yacht in the hilt, and a blue cloak embroidered all over with silver were, of course, Dattam's personal gifts.
Now she was still freely open to the world and the sky, embroidered on a dark blue, almost black canvas with azure yachts stars.
And where are those Kamki and Aksamites, where is gold and silver, where are lalas and yachts valuable, where are the turquoise and jasper, where are the precious shemshirs, where are the cloth and canvases, and taffeta?
From there we have curtains, gold and silver, pearls, rubies and yachts, barrels with rare wine even for Tsargrad residents.
White tsags, decorated yachts, a white hat with a burning yacht star, an ancient sword with a golden handle and a precious diamond on the little finger completed the exquisite outfit.
However, two of our important agents in the United States - a former general of the tsarist army Yakhontov, married to the sister of the wife of the Commissar of State Security of the USSR Merkulov, who emigrated to the United States after the Civil War, and Sergei Kurnakov, a veteran of the GPU emigration operations in the United States, could not attract Kistyakovsky.
The main and therefore the median secular value of the sacristy, along with the fragrant chips of the cross of the Apostle Andrew the First-Called and other spiritual shrines, which, as Bogdan knew, were of no interest from the point of view of material gain, was the precious one left to the sacristy for eternal storage by the holy and faithful Prince Alexander Nevsky strewn yachts and lalam, in a silver setting Great Yasa Chingizova.
Looking at transparent corundum, fiery red ruby and blue sapphire, few of us can imagine that these stones, so different in appearance, have something in common with each other. Meanwhile, all the above-mentioned minerals are very similar in their physico-chemical properties.
In essence, they differ only in the presence of various impurities, due to which the stones acquire one color or another. Pure corundum is colorless, chromium oxide gives the stone all shades of red, titanium is able to color the mineral blue, and iron oxide gives the crystals a yellow tint.
However, in ancient times, when it was not possible to conduct a deep analysis of the composition of minerals, the classification of stones was carried out according to the principle of external similarity. For example, the word "corundum" referred to extremely hard, second only to diamond, stones brought from India.
Sapphires (from the Greek "sappheiros", which in turn comes from the Hebrew "sappir" - "blue") were most often called lapis lazuli and other opaque minerals. of blue color. The word "ruby" (from the Latin "rubens" - "red") appeared only 300 BC. Prior to that, all red, luminous stones (red garnets, rubies, spinel) were called carbuncles in the countries of medieval Europe and yahonts in Rus'.
It was the ruby, sparkling in the dark like a hot coal, that was valued in antiquity above the diamond. In the Roman Empire, this stone was dedicated to the god of war Ares and the titan Kronos, in India, China, Burma, and Japan it was considered a symbol of vitality, love, passion, and royal dignity.
Sailors always took it with them when they sailed, as there was an opinion that this stone was able to prevent shipwrecks. In India, rubies, called "ratnaraj" (translated from Sanskrit - "king of precious stones"), or "ratnanayaka" ("leader of precious stones") were divided into four castes (like the whole society).
According to belonging to one or another caste, the stone had a different effect on the person who possessed it. The ruby-brahmin contributed to the awakening of spiritual energy, the kshatriya helped to gain power over people, bestowed invincibility in battle, the vaishya could ensure good luck in trading, and the sudra was only suitable for making jewelry.
The magicians of Burma believed that a ruby sewn under the skin would make a person completely invulnerable to arrows, swords, spears and bullets. In addition, it was believed that by changing the color of this stone can warn the owner of danger. At the same time, in order to best manifest the magical properties of the crystal, it should be worn as a pendant at the level of the heart, and so that the stone is constantly in contact with the body.
What is it really like, this mysterious stone, so diverse in color and attributed to it magical properties? We will try to find the answer to this question, along the way making efforts to debunk the most persistent myths and misconceptions about corundum and its varieties.
Ruby and sapphire have nothing in common. In fact, both of these stones are a kind of corundum - a mineral second in hardness only to diamond, and rightfully, on a par with diamond, emerald and pearl, firmly holding a leading position in the world of jewelry.
Sapphire can only be blue. Jewelers designate the word "sapphire" for all varieties of corundum, with the exception of red ruby. Sapphire can be white, yellow, green, pink, black. To designate a pink-red with a yellowish tint of precious material mined in Ceylon, the word "padmaradshah" or "padmaradsha" (from the Sinhalese padmaragaya - the color of a lotus) is used.
In ancient times, colored varieties of corundum (now most often classified as sapphires) were called differently. For example, yellow stones were called "oriental topaz", yellowish-green - "oriental chrysolites", green - "oriental emeralds", bluish-green - "oriental aquamarines", purple - "oriental amethyst", pink - "oriental hyacinths".
Corundum is used only for the manufacture of jewelry. Completely wrong opinion. Opaque stones ground into powder and used as an abrasive are referred to in the trade as "corundum". In addition, the well-known "emery" is also powdered corundum mixed with magnetite and other heavy minerals. "Diamond spar" - crushed dull corundum from India - is used for grinding. In addition, bearings for moving parts in high-precision instruments and watches are made from corundum. But in this area, synthetic stones are most often used. And, finally, since 1960, various industries (from medicine to space research) have been using a ruby laser, the rays of which can easily burn through sheet material, drill a hole in hard alloys, etc.
The color of corundum is uniform. Most often this is not the case. On closer examination, you can see that, for example, purple stones are composed of alternating blue and red layers. Often there are yellow-blue spotted stones, and some asterii (star-shaped stones), due to the peculiarities of the crystal structure, cut in the form of cabochons, with appropriate lighting, give a bright light six-pointed star. The most common are blue (star sapphire) and red (star ruby) stones of this kind.
Sapphire is the blue variety of corundum. Indeed, most often the mentioned term is used in this sense. But sometimes it can be attached to other minerals. For example, blue tourmaline is sometimes called "Brazilian sapphire", and cordierite - "water sapphire" or "lynx sapphire".
Sapphires and rubies are not used to make large jewelry. It really is. Most often, the aforementioned stones are used as inserts in rings and earrings, since rubies and sapphires are quite expensive, and large sizes can't brag. But exceptions do exist.
Large sapphires are more common than rubies. For example, the Smithsonian Institution has the Black Star of Queensland star sapphire (733 carats). Two more large star sapphires can be seen in the New York Museum of Natural History: the "Star of India" (blue, 536 carats) and the "Midnight Star" (black, 116 carats). The busts of the presidents of America (A. Lincoln (2302 carats), George Washington (1997 carats) and D. Eisenhower (2097 carats)), installed in the Washington Museum, are made of sapphire crystals. The Diamond Fund of Russia holds a sapphire weighing 258.18 carats.
Large rubies, as mentioned above, are extremely rare, therefore they are usually very expensive. The Burmese Museum in London currently has an uncut Burmese ruby (3450 carats), an even larger crystal (of low gem quality) 14 cm high and weighing 8500 carats, cut in the shape of a Liberty Bell. The most famous asterias (star-shaped rubies) of India are "Rajaratkhna" with a six-pointed star (2475 carats) and "Niilanjahi" with a twelve-pointed star (1370 carats).
The effect of fluorescence is characteristic only for natural rubies. Wrong opinion. A fluorescent doublet located in the red region of the visible spectrum, caused by both sunlight and ultraviolet rays, is observed in both natural and synthetic rubies.
Carbuncle is synonymous with ruby. In ancient times, "carbuncles" were most often called blood-red, with a fiery reflection, pyropes (a kind of pomegranate). However, the same term was used to refer to red spinel (which, like pyropes, was sometimes confused with ruby) and, in fact, rubies.
The darker the ruby or sapphire, the more valuable it is. The colored gemstone should not be too light or too dark. The most expensive is the pigeon-blood ruby and sapphire. cornflower blue. The presence of a gray or brown tint can significantly reduce the price of a stone.
If the gem has no visible inclusions, then it is artificial. Indeed, most of the gems have minor inclusions of other minerals inside (the number of such inclusions determines the price of the stone). It is exceptionally rare to find ideal stones of absolute purity. The cost of such crystals is very high. In addition, it should be remembered that a good gemstone should not have inclusions visible to the naked eye.
Sometimes in the literature - both artistic and special - you can find the old names of certain natural stones. But it is not always possible to immediately understand what kind of gem in question. Does the name "turkiz" mean anything to you? Can you tell what color the "king" is? What are the habits of the "Siberian gopher"? Do you know where the "flint savage" lives? Are dumplings and mountain fat tasty?
Augustite- so in ancient times they called high-quality deep blue aquamarine.
Agates- now we call this stone a little differently - agate.
Adamant- bore this name diamond in ancient times.
Azurite- blue stone, its other names were: copper blue, mountain blue, copper azure.
Alatyr or latyr - in ancient times it was called amber.
Almas- diamond. Processing a diamond so that it has a game of facets, that is, cutting, was learned relatively recently, this probably explains the fact that a diamond was not considered an expensive stone in antiquity: it was not highly valued, it was not particularly traded. In the then Wikipedia, or rather, in the trading book for Russian merchants of 1575 and 1610, the price of this stone is not indicated at all, it did not even deserve a mention in the chapter "0 all kinds of expensive stones." In the old days, the diamond was not known in our country, and the first specimens were brought from India. In Western Europe, interest in diamonds appeared somewhat earlier. India usually used natural crystals, which retained the shape of an octahedron, in this form for the first time diamonds came to our country. They just polished a little. The French were the first to learn how to cut diamonds, or rather Louis Berken: he first introduced a cut diamond in Paris in 1454, that is, a diamond. In Rus', diamonds first appeared around 1500. in their appearance, at first they were flat "roses", and after fifty, or even a hundred years, real diamonds appeared - diamonds with a brilliant facet.
Almandine called in the old days carbuncle And anthrax; during the Middle Ages it was known as carfunkeliptein, well, today it is called, or Venice. Name venisa has been known in our country since the 16th century.
Antavent- this stone is mentioned in epics, but it was not possible to identify it.
Asp- marble and black slate. There is an expression: "work asp", that is, made under marble (for example, marbled paper).
Babogur - agate.
cormorant- such a name was in Rus' ruby spar, eagle, which today is more commonly referred to as rhodonite. Bubble diamonds in ancient times, diamonds with a dirty tint were called.
Balangus- this was the ancient Russian naming ruby.
Balas ruby- natural red stone spinel.
baus, or bogus- ornamental or semi-precious stones of blue and light blue: kyanite, cordierite, indicolite, sapphirine and others. There is an assumption that this name - "baus" - is associated with the name of Jeremiah Baus, a well-known dealer in jewelry, including natural stones, who was also an envoy of Elizabeth, Queen of England, in Moscow under Ivan the Terrible.
Belir- probably means beryl.
becheta, or bicheta- from the eastern word "bajadi"; the old Russian name for low-value red stones. In the Russian trading book of the XVI century. it was said: "Running means towards the light: it is like bubbles in it." Most often it meant (almandine).
dumpling- the ancient Russian name for reddish. In the trading book of the XVI century. it is said about him: “And the dumpling of the nobility: although it is red, sometimes the whole place shines white, like any crystal, and which weight pulls four golden vareniki and if only they are as big as yachts, and the color is the same paint as lala, buy 2 stones at 100 rubles and more, and buy one, like a yacht, for the same sample at 50 rubles.
Verillos- Belir, beryl. The "Tales of the Russian people" says: "Verillos is a very precious stone."
Mountain fat- mineral talc, very soft, cloudy white (sometimes slightly transparent).
Diamond- the same as adamant, that is diamond.
jade- until the middle of the 19th century it was called nephritis And jade.
Pearl- Burmic (Burmit) grain- an old Russian name, originating from the corrupted word "Urmite", or, rather, "Ormus" grain, i.e. grain from the city of Ormus, lying on the Persian Gulf, where in ancient times pearls were caught and sold. There is speculation that the title Burmese grain came from the corrupted word "Gurmysh" (Gurmysh, i.e. Apskoe, sea): "even though there is a Gurmysh sea, pearls will be born in it." Undoubtedly the title kafimsky originated from the city of Kafa, present-day Feodosia, where, in all likelihood, even the Genoese and Greeks caught and sold pearls.
Zaberzat, or zebarzhdat; according to some researchers - Indian chrysoberyl dense yellow-green color with a play and overflow of rays, which was very rare; in the East it was valued almost as much as a diamond; another suggestion: the word "zaberza" came from an Armenian root and meant aquamarine(beryl).
Zlotoiskar- aventurine with mica inclusions spawning in it.
Iakinf- that was the old name natural stone hyacinth, which, as was then believed, had the property of extinguishing a fire.
Ionia- old name for reddish topaz.
sparkler- mineral aventurine.
Kalaig- the ancient Russian name for the stone turquoise.
Cape Ruby - .
carfunculos- "the stone is taco, zelo drag, and the lord of all stones looks like coal, shines at night, this stone is a nest for the topaz stone." This . It is also called anphrax, carbuncle. Carbuncles (Latin - coals) was also called the strongest variety of a rather fragile pomegranate - almandine. Indeed, in the field, the garnet looks like a smoldering ember.
Wren- old Russian name coral, carved in the form of balls and other more or less spherical shapes. On Boris Godunov's fur coat there were 15 beadlets on the collar and in the gaps in the furrow, and 16 beadlets on silver backs (the role of headpieces) with pearl fasteners.
Flint Savage - rhinestone.
Bloodstone- mineral hematite, a type of iron ore. Leaves a red mark on unglazed porcelain.
Blue tit- mineral lapis lazuli.
lal(diminutive lalik) - from the Arabic word l "al. In the East, all red gems are called lala; in our country, only red stones of the "second price" mean this name. It must be assumed that the word "lal" in the old days meant red Chinese spinel.
Neelum- ancient name kyanite, or cyanite(disten).
Nogat- onyx, variety chalcedony, we can say that this is a close "relative" Agatha.
Eagle stone- clayey brown ironstone of ellipsoidal or spherical shape with a void inside. The Greeks called such stones aeShev and assumed that they were especially liked by the eagles, who carried them into their nests.
Pandaura- under this name in the work of N. Razumovsky the Brazilian language is described quartz containing carmine-red titanium oxide in its cracks, i.e. needles rutile. Razumovsky distinguishes two types of such stones: some are prepared artificially (in India and China) by rapidly cooling red-hot rock crystal in some red-colored solutions; others are natural, found ready-made in nature.
Perelyavt- overflow, from the Greek root for "very white".
Pink- ancient name topaz red-orange color.
Plasma- ancient name heliotrope or chrysoprase, varieties of chalcedony.
iris- labradorite, a rock of high hardness from dark gray to black with an iridescent sheen ("eyes").
ruby-bale - spinel. Red stone.
Grease, resin, struganets- so called smoky quartz. Later, in the 18th century, it was called talyashnik because of the Italians who worked in the Urals.
Emerald- precious green transparent.
Struganets, or strict, - the old term of the miners of the Urals, as if planed crystal.
Siberian gopher, or dark crystal flux- this was the ancient name of the stone smoky quartz.
Yakhont is an old word, practically out of the modern lexicon, which in Ancient Rus' was called such a precious stone as a ruby. There is a version that other stones were also called yahont: and. Yet most historians come to the conclusion that the red yacht was after all. We will join this opinion, and we will consider the yahont in the meaning of a red ruby.
Yahonta became known thousands of years ago. In medieval times, with its help, magicians made predictions of future events. The gem gave the Indians the opportunity to communicate with their dead ancestors. During the Renaissance, they began to focus more attention not on the magical, but on the healing characteristics of the yacht. And finally, our days. Yakhont, that is, a ruby, is not even now perceived as jewelry. In modern society, people still believe in the magic of the stone and in its ability to heal diseases.
In lithotherapy, professionals use yachts to facilitate pain. It is applied to the problem area for a few minutes, and after that the person begins to feel much better.
Yakhont also affects the blood. It lowers the level of bad cholesterol to the limit of the permissible norm, lowers the level of sugar and at the same time increases the content of hemoglobin.The gem helps with inflammation. If it has arisen in some organ or develops on the surface of the wound, then the yahont tries to remove it.
The stone improves the psycho-emotional state of a person. It helps to get out of a depressive state and get rid of mental disorders, and also improves sleep.
The stone is used to treat paralysis and epileptic seizures. In both cases, they guarantee a positive result. Numerous studies have shown an improvement in the patient's condition after such treatment.
In a special way, yakhont affects men's health. It is likely that for this he was so loved by many Russian autocrats. The gem is a prophylactic for the occurrence of impotence. If this problem already exists, then there is a chance that it will disappear after prolonged use of the yacht.
Lithotherapists strongly recommend using the gem for healing the digestive organs. They claim that the stone heals the disease in stages. The first thing he does is eliminate inflammation. Then he treats the ailment directly, and after that restores the functions of the organ.
Yakhont helps with intoxication of the body. It neutralizes the action of toxic substances and removes them from the body.
The gem helps to improve vision and cope with eye diseases. Experiments were carried out that showed that with prolonged use of the yacht, planned operations on the organs of vision were canceled due to an improvement in the patient's condition.Yahont stone improves metabolism. As a result, the work of the gastrointestinal tract is normalized and weight loss occurs.
The magical properties of Yakhont
People have known about these stones and their wonderful magic since time immemorial. They were sure that the yacht could protect them from evil spirits and any adversity. The gem has not lost this meaning even today.
Yakhont improves the mental capabilities of a person. It helps the brain generate original ideas and develop logic.
It does not disregard the gem and the physical shell of a person. It makes him stronger and more powerful.
For those people who cannot imagine their life without love, yahont helps to find it.
To top it off, the yacht helps a person become rich. The gem reveals extraordinary possibilities for him. He helps him gain power over other people and achieve appointment to a leadership position.
Who suits Yakhont according to the sign of the zodiac
The precious stone yahont as a talisman does not suit all signs of the zodiac according to the horoscope.
Compatibility of the yacht with the sign of the zodiac. Table 1.
There are not so many contraindications for the gem. This speaks of the soft positive energy of the yacht.
The only sign of the zodiac that astrologers warn against wearing a stone is Capricorn. Even a short use of the stone will have a bad effect on his emotional state. Capricorn will become irritable, angrier and tougher.For Sagittarius and Pisces, the yacht will become a good talisman. The gem will help them bring to life almost every real desire. The stone will attract money and love for them. Helps build a good career.
Often there are counterfeit rubies on the market. They do not represent any value, from the point of view of magic and medicine. Only genuine stones have magical and healing properties. Keep this in mind when purchasing these gems.
Current page: 58 (total book has 98 pages) [accessible reading excerpt: 64 pages]
Rhodonite
Hot pink or crimson with wonderful black patterns, a gemstone called " eagle», « cormorant», « ruby spar"was known to the carvers of Ancient Rus', as evidenced by the chronicles. Rhodonite is hard, easy to grind and polish; jewelry, household and religious items were made from it.
Rhodonite, like malachite, is mined in the Urals, Madagascar, Australia, therefore in Europe, where this stone began to be supplied at the beginning of the 19th century, it was also called “Russian stone”.
Ruby
A precious transparent stone of red color of any shade, a kind of very hard mineral - corundum. Name from lat. "ruber" - "red". According to folk beliefs, the ruby glows in the dark like a flaming ember, which is why it was called carbuncle (a shortened form of "carbo" - "coal"). Albert the Great (1193–1280) attributed to him "... the strength of all other stones" and believed that it dissolves the poison in the air.
“Wherever there is a carbuncle, the demons of the air cannot do their devilish work; this stone drives out all diseases from a person.(Hildegarde of Bingen, 1098-1179).
Because of its red color, it was considered a remedy for melancholy, bad mood and bad dreams. In ancient times, the ruby was credited with the ability to prevent ship accidents; he was considered a symbol of royal dignity, ardent love and life-giving force: "Ruby gladdens and strengthens hearts".
In Rus', the ruby was called " yahonta worm"(chervonny). Only quite recently (in the 19th century) ruby was separated spinel, which appearance it almost does not differ from it, although it comes in a wide variety of colors. Spinel is not as hard as ruby. The Russian name for spinel is " lal"(from Arabic- "Red stone"). Rubies, spinel and other red stones (garnet, almandine) were brought to Europe by the Huns. Scythians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, leaders of nomadic peoples decorated scepters, maces, weapons, clubs, religious objects, bracelets, rings with rubies.
There are rubies that have their own name and history. Until now, natural rubies remain one of the most expensive gemstones, often more expensive than equivalent diamonds. It was believed that this gem was frozen drops of blood of marvelous monsters that inhabited the earth before the appearance of man.
“Ruby heals the human heart, mind and memory, If you look into the red depth of the stone for a long time, you can get drunk and drown”(Ancient book "About stones").
This stone was credited with driving away dashing dreams and terrible visions; makes its owner a strong spirit and body, a selfless and tireless seeker of happiness, a better fate. It was believed that the ruby can cause extraordinary passion and desire, at the same time it helps to control emotions, although it takes a lot of energy.
Ruby is the first artificially created mineral (1892, France, Auguste Verneuil).
Sapphire
A gemstone of a transparent blue or dark blue color, a kind of superhard mineral - corundum. Because of its blue color, it was in a symbolic connection with the sky and the elements of air; was the embodiment of heavenly virtue, truthfulness, chastity.
In Rus' it was called yahont azure". Among sapphires, stones are very rare. jira-sol – cat stone, which overflows, and asterix, or star sapphire, - in which a star with three rays is visible. Asterix was considered a stone of fate, a talisman: three rays - lines of faith, hope and love. According to legend, he protected the owner from the evil eye, curses, hardship and trouble, even at a distance. Stones of six and twelve rays come across. The Germans called sapphire - "sigstein" ("stone of victory"). The ancient Greeks dedicated it to Zeus; the ancient Romans called this stone “cyanus” (“cornflower blue”) and dedicated it to Jupiter; in India it was called "the favorite of Saturn" and "dedicated to Saturn". Sapphire was the stone of Moravian and Czech princes, Polish kings (the crown, rod and orb were decorated). The regalia of the Czech kings are now in the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague, and the ring of the Polish king Stefan Batory with a carved 30-carat sapphire is in the National Museum in Warsaw.
Sapphire is a royal stone - a symbol of wisdom, self-sacrifice, philosophical perception of life, spiritual purity, peace and balance. It strengthens power, reveals deceit, develops intuition, brings success to strong people. In ancient times, they believed: to those who carry this stone with them, it gives strength to the body, beauty to the face, restrains excess sweat, also quenches bodily lust, makes a person kind and pure. Sapphire expels all evil spirits from the eyes and cares from the forehead, treats diseases of the stomach. The one who wears it in a ring, sapphire makes calm, honest to people, charitable, merciful and good-natured. He protects his master from treason, illness and terrible visions. This stone transfers the energy of the previous owner.
Sapphire was used in the treatment of pestilence, it was believed that with one touch, the stone heals ulcers on the patient's body. These magical and medicinal properties a rare stone in nature made the gem very valuable.
Sardonyx
A variety of chalcedony, the main material used by stone-cutters for a long time.
The stone itself is blood red. In ancient times, people believed that if you carve a falcon or an eagle on a sardonyx, it will make its owner a happy person, bring success in love.
A woman wearing this precious stone in a gold frame will always be happy in family life.
Lead
Lead was well known to the peoples of Asia Minor more than 6 thousand years BC. e. It was one of the components for making bronze.
In ancient Rome, where lead was delivered from the Alps and the Pyrenees, it was used in the manufacture of water pipes. At that time, the Roman patricians had no idea how harmful the qualities of this metal were, how many years of life pools and baths took from them.
Selenite
Superstitions regarding this stone: selenite, with a lark or swallow carved on it, gives its owner success in all endeavors and helps maintain good relations with people. According to beliefs, this stone of the color of young grass should be carried by people whose profession is associated with active communication.
Cornelian
A variety of chalcedony; a semi-precious stone of reddish, yellow-red or orange color, from which in Rus' they made monisto, seals, rings, ladles, crosses.
Large imperial crown. 1762 Master I. Pozier. Diamonds, spinel, silver, pearls. Made for the coronation of Catherine II. A spinel of 398.72 carats is one of the seven historical stones of the Diamond Fund.
Egret. 1750s. Diamonds, sapphires, gold, silver. Ostrich feathers were inserted into aigrettes, which decorated women's hairstyles and hats.
Scythian pastoral. Found by Boris Mozolevsky in Tolstoy Grave
Golden princely diadem
Mirror of Queen Sophia. 18th century
Big buckle. 1750 Master Pozier. Diamonds, silver
Golden Scythian plates
Carnelian is a Russian word meaning "joy for the heart", "rejoicing the heart". The name itself shows the special attitude of the Slavs to the joyful, cheerful, healing stone. This stone was also called "carneol", "sarder". carnelian- from the Latin "carnis" ("meat") or "cornum" ("dogwood"). Sarder- brown-brown, chestnut, if you look at the light - red. It is believed that the name came from the name of the city of Sardis, the capital of Lydia, where this stone was actively traded. According to another version, the name comes from the color of smoked sardine meat. Carnelian, sardier and corneol are the same stone, they have only a slight difference in shades.
Carnelian deposits are known in many countries of the world. In Ukraine, it is in the Crimea. Carnelian was widely used in Sarmatian times, first appears in Scythian monuments.
In ancient Slavic texts, carnelian is often called "grease". Probably because carnelian pebbles washed with water from river sediments were used for all sorts of compresses.
According to ancient recipes, crushed carnelian, taken with a drink, evens out the rhythm of the heart, stops heavy bleeding, strengthens the gums and teeth, and destroys bad smell from mouth.
The one who wears this gem never gets angry over trifles, always cold-blooded and moderate. Carnelian helps warriors, gives them courage and courage, helps in love affairs. Carnelian is a gypsy stone, a stone of nomadic people, and where there are gypsy gates, there is love.
Silver
In the Bronze Age, developing copper deposits, man discovered silver. After gold, it is the second most valuable precious metal. In nature, it is found both in native form, and in an alloy with gold (electrum), and in an alloy with sulfur. White shiny metal, almost twice as light as gold, but, like gold, very ductile, malleable, chemically inactive, has the highest electrical conductivity among metals, as well as bactericidal properties. There is much more silver in the bowels of the earth than gold.
IN Ancient Greece(XI - XIII centuries BC) silver was valued more than gold. At first, the Lavrian ore mines in Greece, later Spain and Carthage were the centers of silver mining. Silver confidently occupied a dominant position in the monetary systems of the world economy. In this regard, from the 2nd to the 13th centuries. many new areas appeared, thousands of mines where the precious metal was mined. Throughout the Middle Ages, the silver heart of Europe was the Ore Mountains (Czech Republic and Germany), the Bohemian Forest (Czech Republic), the Harz and Thuringian Forest (Germany), the Vosges (France). Silver coins - dirhems, dinars, thalers, groszes, milliarisiums (Byzantine), reals, macukins, pesos, testons, bracteates, efimks - were used by the Byzantines, Slavs, Vikings, and nomadic peoples. In the XV - XVI centuries. silver began to be mined more and more in Germany; after the discovery of the American continent in America and Mexico (for all time more than 700 thousand tons were mined from the bowels of the earth), which, of course, depreciated it in comparison with gold.
Since the X century. Rus' had its own gold and silver coinage, and their name was engraved on the coins themselves: for example, “Yaroslav's silver” (a silver coin of Prince Yaroslav of Kyiv). Later, for several centuries in Rus' they did not issue their own gold (expensive) coins, but used silver “polushkas”, “money” and “penny”.
Even in ancient times, people noticed the "anti-inflammatory" properties of silver. Silver objects were thrown into the springs so that the water would be purified. According to legend, Alexander the Great had a jug made of silver, so he almost never got sick. Silver jewelry relieves irritation and nervous breakdowns.
Resin
A viscous substance of dark color, which is formed during the distillation of organic substances (during the dry distillation of wood). The most commonly used black resin, which was used to tighten cracks in ships, barrels, canoes, for all sorts of household needs. Pitch because of its blackness, sharp stinking smell when burning, "stickiness" and "unwashability" was identified with hell, where devils live, with the devils themselves, who, as it were, become pitch from a thunderclap.
Princely barmy
Golden Colt. 12th century Excavations by B. A. Zvizdetsky
Earrings. 1750s. Diamonds, gold, silver, enamel
Hairpin in the form of a cornucopia. 1775-89 Master L. Duval. Diamonds, gold, silver
Early 18th century Gold, diamond-studded badge of the first Russian Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, founded by Peter IV in 1698.
Women's hat. 1770 Diamonds, emeralds, rubies, gold, silver, enamel. Dresses, other outfits, jewelry until the 19th century. distributed on pandora dolls (raves). Perhaps this hat was made for such a doll.
Portbouquet. 1770 Diamonds, gold, silver, enamel. The portbouquet was fastened to the bodice with a wide hairpin. Hollow inside, it served as a miniature vase for fresh flowers.
Gospel. Kiev-Pechersk Lavra
Topaz
This very hard and heavy mineral, which clearly splits into equal plates, was and is often used in jewelry. Its name probably comes from the Sanskrit word "tapas", which means "fire", "warmth". Pliny the Elder explains the name of this stone by the place where it was mined - the island of Topazos in the Red Sea. Topaz is yellowish ("wine topaz"), blue, pink and transparent. Of all the topazes, the gold-colored stone, wine topaz, was considered the best; the dark ones are not as pretty.
There are topaz deposits on the territory of the Volyn and Zhytomyr regions. A pure and transparent giant topaz weighing 110 kg was found in Volhynia. In Rus', topaz was called "weightlifter", tumpaz, Siberian diamond. The Slavs believed that the owner of this stone is honest, decent and generous.
“He who carries topaz with him, quenches human anger and bodily lust. If you put it in boiling water, then the water will not burn, so you can get the stone with your hand.(Ancient book "About stones").
Like any other precious and semi-precious stones, topaz was credited with healing properties. It helps those who cough up blood, suffer from lupus. Placed in a wound, this gem stops bleeding. According to ancient legend, if you know special words and conspiracies, with the help of topaz, even the plague can be cured.
Tourmaline
The name of this mineral comes from the Sinhalese word "turmali". It is mined on the island of Ceylon, on the island of Elba. There are quite a few varieties of it: pink rubellite, brown dravite, green verdelite, blue indicolite, black schorl, colorless achroite; multi-color tourmalines are also known, for example, the middle is pink, and the “skin” is green - “watermelon” tourmaline.
Black tourmaline as a rare adornment is more often worn by women with light color hair. According to popular beliefs, this stone promotes harmony and affection between people.
Tourmaline, with chamomile carved on it, is an effective amulet against possible troubles in the future, unpleasant surprises.
Beliefs are known among the people: if a man wears this gem in a cast-iron ring on the index finger of his left hand, he will definitely be successful in commercial and military affairs; young men need to have it to strengthen the spirit and body.
Tourmaline in the form of a medallion, especially when a girl wears it, makes her healthy, hardworking, protects a modest and comfortable family life.
Chalcedony
An opaque stone, a type of quartz. The name probably comes from the name of the ancient city of Chalcedon in Asia Minor (near the Bosporus). Chalcedony resembles frozen jelly and can be of any color with a matte or waxy sheen.
Scientists (A.E. Fersman) classified chalcedony by color and pattern (stripes, specks, spots, crystalline inclusions): ordinary chalcedony - gray, yellow, bluish; chrysoprase - emerald, greenish (grass-colored); carnelian - reddish-orange; carnelian - red; sarder - amber; sapphirine - blue; plasma - light green, yellow-green; heliotrope - dark green with reddish specks; flint - yellow, brown, dark with various impurities; agate, onyx - striped varieties of chalcedony, and also flywheel, sardonyx, cacholong.
Most of the ancient tribes and peoples made jewelry and household items from chalcedony.
According to an old legend, chalcedony protects against quarrels, ship lies, and other troubles. On the road, it helps to find the right path and guards against dashing people. If a rider with a spear is carved on a stone, this will help to win the war, to get out of the bloody battle alive. The one who wears chalcedony set in an amulet will be able to see the treasure through the ground. It was believed that chrysoprase with a carved lion on it gives strength and courage to warriors, prosperity and success to travelers, rich prey to hunters. Those women who wear chrysoprase in a gold frame will be happy in family life.
Amber
The Roman Pliny the Elder writes about the mining of amber in Scythia. Geologists confirm the location of this mineral of organic origin on the Dnieper (light rumenite) and in the Carpathians (dark yellow rumenite). Amber is a semi-precious stone - fossil resin of coniferous trees that grew on Earth millions of years ago. This stone has a variety of shades (experts count up to 200). In ancient Russian monuments it was called "alatyr", "latyr", "sun stone"; in Greece - “electron”, “electrium” (from which the word “electrician” came from; the Greek naturalist and philosopher Thales of Miletus knew about the ability of this stone after rubbing to heat up and attract light objects to itself around 600 BC. e. ), in Persia - "kahruba" (straw thief), in Italy - "ambergris", in France - "ambre", in America and England - "ember", in Germany - "Bernstein" (flaming stone). In Rus' since the 16th century. it has the name "amber", "entar". The name "amber" comes from the Lithuanian "gintaras" ("ginti" - "to protect"). Nowadays, amber is called differently in many countries - “birmite” in Burma, “copalite” in Great Britain, “rumenite” in Romania, “simetite” in Sicily, “trinkerite” in Austria, “kanzasite” in America - up to thirty names.
The largest reserves of amber are located in the Balto-Dnieper area. Initially, amber was considered a miracle of nature, arising from sea foam(it was often found on the seashores; for example, 5–6 kg of amber are collected annually on the coasts of Great Britain). But scientists have proved that amber was formed 38-120 million years ago, when the dry hot climate gave way to a moderate warm one. Many forms of vegetation have disappeared, from which amber was formed over the centuries. The sea has swallowed up the primary deposits of this stone, polishes it and “gives it away” to people. 80% of the annual world production of amber (500-800 tons) falls on Lithuania, Latvia, Poland and Russia. In Ukraine, up to three tons of amber are mined annually.
Amber is called the stone of Lithuania. A legend has long been known there about the daughter of the Thunderer Perkunas, the sea goddess Jurata, who secretly fell in love with a simple fisherman Kastisis. The crowned lord of heaven, having learned about the relationship between his daughter and a commoner, got angry and destroyed not only love, but also her underwater amber palace. Since then, the sea has washed ashore the ruins of the palace - large amber ingots and Jurate's tears - amber grains. In Palanga, on the coast of the Baltic Sea, there is a sculpture that depicts the heroes of an old legend.
The ancient Greeks considered amber to be "solidified rays of the sun", the tears of the son of the sun god Helios - Phaethon.
Amber came into use of many ancient tribes and peoples. It was cut, drilled, ornamented, necklaces, amulets, pendants and other decorations were made from it. Many amber items were found in the territories of the Baltic Slavs (modern Latvia, Moravia caves); they are dated to the 3rd millennium BC. e. Archaeologists have witnessed the appearance of the first amber products in the Northern Black Sea region in the 6th-1st centuries. BC e. The popularity of amber in the Middle Ages is evidenced, for example, by the fact that the knights of the Teutonic Order, after conquering the Baltic lands, declared all amber their property and punished with death anyone who hid or mined stones without permission. In the East, objects of Muslim religious worship were made from amber (milky white Baltic succinite (sukkinit)) .
The Slavs borrowed from the ancient Greeks (and those from the Romans, and those from the Assyrians) the belief that amber has healing properties. It was believed that this stone could save from fever, jaundice, headaches, stomach diseases, remove stones from the liver and kidneys, treat rheumatism, skin and hormonal system diseases. For treatment, it was ground into powder, mixed with water, oil and honey. Amber is a protector. According to popular beliefs, this gem protects its owner from an evil eye and evil slander. The one who wears amber beads will not have a sore throat.
The Slavs called this stone "sea incense" because of the rather specific smell when burned (amber melts at a temperature of 340 ° C; burns with soot, emitting the smell of coniferous resin, juniper). In many monasteries (for example, on the island of Valaam), only amber is used for fumigation; monks were treated with it for colds and all sorts of inflammations. Even the Roman patricians were fumigated with amber.
Of particular importance for scientists, biologists, botanists, zoologists, paleontologists, artists, jewelers are samples of amber interspersed with insects (flies, mosquitoes, ticks, spiders, butterflies, beetles, termites, cicadas, etc.) - inclusions that store information about very ancient times. The most big collection inclusions in Eastern Europe is located at the Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kyiv - more than 10 thousand inclusions of insects in amber. Studying this collection, scientists suggest that part of the territory of Ukraine was once an island. That is, insects in amber from Volhynia differ from insects from the Baltic amber.
“40 million years ago, the territory of northwestern Ukraine was an island. An "amber" forest grew on it. More precisely, trees, thanks to the resins of which we now have deposits of amber in Volhynia. The island in the north of Ukraine lay from the west of the modern Kyiv region to the east of the Volyn region. Approximately shaped like the island of Cuba. The territory of modern Belarus and most of the territory of Poland at that time were under water. And in place of the Baltic Sea, at least in that part of it that is closer to Ukraine, there was land. The climate was warm, trees like oak trees grew. Between the conifers came across palm trees. It is believed that the resin was extracted from the pseudolarix tree or, as it is also called, the golden modrina. It takes more than a million years for resin to become amber.”(Evgeny Perkovsky, curator of the amber collection of the Institute of Zoology named after Ivan Shmalgauzen of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine).
Succinic acid is used for dressing artificial skins, dyeing plastics; decks of violins and furniture are covered with amber varnish; medical utensils and instruments for blood transfusion are made from amber, because it prevents the destruction of blood cells; amber is used in laser technology.
The amber cabinet of 22 large wall compositions and 180 small panels and decorations, which was created by craftsmen Gottfried Turov and Ernst Schacht according to the project of Andreas Schlutter in 1709, was considered a masterpiece of the world art of stone carving. I. Under the leadership of the Italians Martelli and Rastrelli, an amber room was mounted in the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo in 1767. During the Great Patriotic War the Nazis dismantled the amber room, took it out, and its fate is still unknown.
